Pengaruh Kedalaman Muka Air dan Amelioran terhadap Produktivitas Kedelai di Lahan Sulfat Masam Effects of Water Depth and Ameliorant to Soybean Productivity on Acid Sulphate Soil

Main Article Content

Alce Ilona Noyaa
Munif Ghulamahdi
Didy Sopandie
Atang Sutandi
Maya Melati

Abstract

Oksidasi pirit di lahan sulfat masam menyebabkan pH tanah turun sehingga meningkatkan kelarutan aluminium dan besi. Budidaya jenuh air mempertahankan kedalaman muka air tanah dan membuat lapisan di bawahnya jenuh. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan pengaruh kedalaman muka air tanah dan ameliorasi terhadap beberapa sifat kimia tanah dan produktivitas kedelai. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lahan sulfat masam Desa Banyu Urip Kecamatan Tanjung Lago Kabupaten Banyuasin, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan, sejak Juni sampai Oktober 2012. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan petak-petak terpisah
dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor utama adalah tinggi air dalam parit 10 cm dan 20 cm di bawah permukaan tanah dengan pembanding budidaya kering. Faktor kedua adalah amelioran : tanpa amelioran, kapur dan abu jerami. Faktor ketiga adalah genotipe Anjasmoro, Yellow Biloxi, Tanggamus dan Lawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi kedalaman muka air dan ameliorasi meningkatkan pH tanah menjadi 4,67; mempertahankan kadar P tanah 10,70 ppm; meningkatkan kadar K, Ca dan Mg tanah menjadi 1,15; 11,70 dan 6,90 me/100 g. Kadar Fe tanah turun menjadi 12,14 ppm sedangkan kadar Al dan kejenuhan Al
turun menjadi 2,06 ppm dan 10,36 persen. Tanggamus memiliki produktivitas tertinggi (2,47 t/ha) karena memiliki lebih banyak jumlah daun (31,5), jumlah cabang (4,5 - 5,3), jumlah buku produktif (27,67) dan jumlah polong isi (80,9).

Pyrite oxidation causes the soil pH drops, thus increasing the solubility of aluminium and iron. Saturated soil culture maintains the water depth and makes the soil below saturated. This study aims to determine the effects of soil water depth and amelioration on soil chemical properties and soybean productivity. The experiment is conducted on acid sulphate soil Banyu Urip, South Sumatera Province, from June until October 2012. The experiment is arranged in a split split plot design with three replications. The main factor is water depth in the furrow consisted of 10 and 20 cm under soil surface. The second factor is ameliorant: without ameliorant, lime and straw ash. The third factors are genotypes: Anjasmoro, Yellow Biloxi, Tanggamus and Lawit. The results show that interaction of water depth and amelioration increase soil pH to 4.67, maintain soil P at 10.70 ppm and increase soil K, Ca and Mg to 1.15, 11.70 and 6.90 me/100 g. The soil Fe decrease to 12.14 ppm, whereas Al and Al saturated decrease to 2.06 ppm and 10.36 percent, respectively. Tanggamus has the highest productivity (2.47 t/ha), supported by higher number of leaves (31.5), branches (4.5 - 5.3), productive nodes (27.67) and filled pods (80.9.)

Article Details

Section
Articles
Author Biographies

Alce Ilona Noyaa

Fakultas Pertanian dan Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor,

Munif Ghulamahdi

Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Didy Sopandie

Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Atang Sutandi

Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Suberdaya Lahan

Maya Melati

Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor

References

Alvarez, E., A. Viade, M.L. Fernández-Marcos. 2009. Effect of Liming with Different Size Limestone on The Forms of Aluminium in A Galician Soil (NW Spain). Geoderma 152:1-8 Balai Penelitian Tanah. 2009. Analsis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air dan Pupuk. Petunjuk Teknis Edisi 2. Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor

Bell, P.F., W.B. Hallmark, W.E. Sabbe, D.G. Dombeck. 1995. Diagnosing Nutrient Deficiencies in Soybean, Using M-Dris and Critical Nutrient Level Procedures, Agronomy Journal. 87:859-865

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2013. Berita resmi statistik. No. 71/11/Th. XVI. 1 Nov 2013

Cairez, E.F., F.J. Garbuio, S. Churka, G. Barth, J.C.L. Corrẻa. 2008. Effects of Soil Acidity Amelioration by Surface Liming on No-Till Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Root Growth and Yield. Eorup. J. Agronomy 28:57-64

Claff SR, Burton ED, Sullivan LA, Bush RT.2010. Effect of Sample Pretreatment on The Fractionation OH Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn And Zn in

Acid Sulfate Soil Materials. Geoderma 159:156-164

Cook, F.J., S.K. Dobos, G.D. Carlin, G.E. Millar. 2004. Oxidation Rate of Pyrite in Acid Sulfate Soils: In Situ Measurements and Modeling. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 42:499-507

Dent, D.L, L.J. Pons. 1995. A World Perpective on Acid Sulphate Soils. Geoderma 67:263-276 DEPTAN 2011. Pekan Kedelai Nasional

http://www.deptan.go.id/bbppketindan/index.

php/berita/165-pekan-kedelai-nasional. [diakses pada 21 Februari 2011, pukul 14.26 WIB]

Egli, DB. 2005. Flowering, Pod Set and Reproductive Success in Soybean. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 191:283-291

Foth HD. 1990. Fundamental of Soil Science. John Wiley & Sons. 8 edition. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore

Gai, J., R.G. Palmer, W.R. Fehr. 1984. Bloom and Pod Set in Determinate and Indeterminate Soybean

Grown in China. Agronomy Journal. 76:979-984

Ghulamahdi, M., M. Melati, D. Sagala. 2009. Production of Soybean Varities Under Saturated Soil Culture on Tidal Swamps. J. Agron.

Indonesia. 37 (3):226-232 131 PANGAN, Vol. 23 No. 2 Juni 2014 : 120-133

Ghulamahdi, M., S.A. Aziz, M. Melati, N. Dewi, S.A.Rais. 2006. Aktivitas Nitrogenase, Serapan Hara dan Pertumbuhan Dua Varietas Kedelai Pada Kondisi Jenuh Air dan Kering. Bul. Agron (34) (1):32-38

Golez NV, Kyuma K. 1997. Influence of Pyrite Oxidation and Soil Acidification on Some Essential Nutrient Elements. Aquaqulture

Engineering. 16:107-124 Gómez-Paccard, C., I. Mariscal-Sancho, P. León, M. Benito, P. González, R. Ordóňez, R. Espejo,C. Hontoria. 2013. Ca-Amendment and Tillage:Medium Term Synergies for Improving Key Soil Properties of Acid Soils. Soil and Tillage Research 134:195-206

Gonzalo, M.J., J.J. Lucena, L. Hernandez-Apaolaza. 2013. Effect of Silicon Addition on Soybean (Glycine max) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Plants Grown Under Iron Deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 70:455-461

Green, R., B.C.T. Macdonald, M.D. Melville, T.D.Waite. 2006. Hydrochemistry of Episodic Drainage Waters Discharged From an Acid Sulfate Soil Affected Catchment. Journal of Hydrology. 325:356-375

Hakim N, Nyakpa Y, Lubis AM, Nugroho SG, Diha A,Hong GB, Bailey HH. 1986. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. Universitas Lampung.

Hunter, M.N., P.L.M. de Fabrun, D.E. Byth. 1980. Response of Nine Soybean Lines to Soil Moisture Conditions Close to Soil Saturation. Austral. J.Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 20:339-345.

Husson, O., P.H. Verburg, M.T. Phung, M.E.F. van Mensvoort. 2000. Spatial Variability of Acid Sulphate Soils in The Plain of Reeds, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Geoderma. 97:1-19

Imanudin, M.S., E. Armanto. 2012. Effect of Water Management Improvement on Soil Nutrient Content, Iron and Aluminum Dolubility at Tidal Low Land Area. APCBEE Procedia. 4:253-258

Indradewa, D., S. Sastrowinoto, S. Notohadiswarno, H. Prabowo. 2004. Metabolisme Nitrogen Pada Tanaman Kedelai yang Mendapat Genangan Dalam Parit. Ilmu Pertanian. 2:68-75 Ismunadji, Mahmud SN. 1993. Peranan Unsur Mikro Untuk Peningkatan Produksi Kedelai. Balai Penelitian Tanaman. Bogor Joukainen, S., M. Yli-Halla. 2003. Environmental Impacts and Acid Loads from Deep Sulfidic Layers of Two Well-Drained Acid Sulfate Soils in Western Finland. Agriculutre, Ecosystems nd Environment. 95:297-309 Kamparth EJ. 1970. Exchangeable Aluminium as a Criterion for Liming Leached Mineral Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 34:252-254

Khan HR, Adachi T. 2000. Formation and Development of Acid Sulphate Soil as Influence by Selected Natural Factors. Journal of the Indian of Soil Science. Vol. 48. No. 2:339-345

Koesrini., E. Wiliiam. 2004. Keragaan Hasil dan Daya Toleransi Genotipe Kedelai di Lahan Sulfat Masam. Bul. Agron. 32:33-38

Konsten CJM, van Breemen N, Suping S, Aribawa IB, Groenenberg JE. 1994. Effects on Flooding on pH of Rice-Producing, Acid Sulfate Soils in Indonesia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 58:871-883

Kumudini S. 2010. Soybean Growth and Development. The soybean: botany, production and uses. Singh G (ed). CAB International

Kuswantoro, H., A. Wijanarko, D. Setyawan, E. William, A. Dadang, M.J. Mejaya. 2008. Soybean Germplasms Evaluation for Acid Tidal Swamp Tolerance Using Selection Index. International Journal of Plant Biology. 1:56-60 Litbang Pertanian, 2008. Deskripsi Varietas Unggul Kacang-Kacangan dan Umbi-Umbian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.

Lynch, J., A. Läuchli, E. Epstein. 1991. Vegetative Growth of The Common Bean in Response to Phosphorus Nutrition. Crop Sci. 31:380-387

Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press. London

Mengel, K. 2007. Pottasium. Hand book of plant nutrition. Baker AV. Pilbeam DJ (eds). CRC Press

Meyer D, Junge A. 1994. Plant Availability of Non-Exchangeable Potassium. A new approach. Pottash Rev.

Michel, K., M. Roose, B. Ludwig. 2007. Comparison of Different Approaches for Modeling Heavy Metal Transport in Acidic Soils. Geoderma. 140:207-214

Muhrizal, S., J. Shamsuddin, I. Fauziah, M.A.H.Husni. 2006. Changes in Iron-Poor Acid Sulfate Soil Upon Submergence. Geoderma. 131:110-122

Nathanson, K., R.L. Lawn, P.L.M. de Jabrun, D.E.Byth. 1984. Growth Nodulation and Nitrogen Accumulation by Soybean in Saturated Soil

Culture. Field Crop Res. 8:73-92.

Prabagar, S., M.J. Hodson, D.E. Evans. 2011. Silicon Amelioration of Aluminium Toxicity and Cell Death in Suspension Cultures on Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 70:266-276

Priatmadi BJ, Haris A. 2008. Reaksi Pemasaman Senyawa Pirit pada Tanah Rawa Pasang Surut. Jurnal Tanah Tropika 14:19-24

Reddy KR, DeLaune RD. 2008. Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications. CRC Press

Rosicky, M.A., L.A. Sullivan, P.G. Slavich, M.Hughes. 2004. Factors Contributing to The Acid Sufate Soil Scalding Process in The Coastal

Floodplains of New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 42:587-594

Sairam, R.K., D. Kumutha, K. Ezhilmathi, P.S.Deshmukh, G.C. Srivastava. 2008. Physiology and Biochemistry of Waterlogging Tolerance Plants. Review. Biologia Plantarum. 52(3):401-412

Shuman LM. 2000. Mineral Nutrition. In: Plant-Environment Interaction. 2nd ed. Wilkinson RE (ed). Marcel Dekker. New York

Singh G. 2010. Water Management in Soybean. In:The Soybean: Botany, Production and Uses. Singh G (Ed). CAB International

Smith, J. 2004. Chemical Changes During Oxidation of Iron Monosulfide-Rich Sediments. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 42:659-666

Sohlenius, G., I. Ớborn. 2004. Geochemistry and Portioning of Trace Metals in Acid Sulphate Soils in Sweden and Finland Before and After

Sulphide Oxidation. Geoderma. 122: 167-175

Sopandie, D. 2006. Perspektif Fisiologi dalam Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan di Lahan Marginal. Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar Tetap Fisiologi Tanaman. Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor

Sudaryanto, T., D.K.S. Swastika. 2007. Ekonomi kedelai di Indonesia. Dalam: Sumarno, Suyamto, A. Widjono, Hermanto, H. Kasim (Eds). Kedelai:Teknik Produksi dan Pengembangan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Thomas, A.L., S.M.C. Guerreiro, L. Sodek. 2005. Aerenchyma Formation and Recovery From Hypoxia of The Flooded Root System of Nodulated Soybean. Annals of Botany. 96:1191-1198

Widjaja-Adhi IPG, Nugroho K, Ardi DS, Karama AS. 1992. Sumberdaya Lahan Pasang Surut dan Pantai: Potensi, Keterbatasan dan Pemanfaatan. Makalah utama Pertemuan Nasional Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut dan Rawa. Bogor

Wong, V.N.L., S.G. Johnston, E.D. Burton, R.T. Bush.2010. Seawater Causes Rapid Trace Metal Mobilization in Coastal Lowland Acid Sulfate Soils: Implications of Sea Level Rise for Water Quality. Geoderma. 160:252-263

Van Oploo, P., I. White, P. Ford, M.D. Melville, B.C.T.Macdonald. 2008. Pore Water Chemistry of Acid Sulfate Soils: Chemical Flux and Oxidation Rates. Geoderma. 146:32-39

Virtanen, S., A. Simojoki, O. Knuutila, M. Yli-Halla. 2013. Monolithic Lysimeters as Tool to Investigate Processes in Acid Sulphate Soil.

Agricultural Water Management. 127:48-58

Xiaobing L., J. Jian, W. Guanghua, S.J. Herbert. 2008.

Soybean Yield Physiology and Development of Hihg-Yielding Practices in Northeast China. Review. Field Crops Research. 105:157-171

You-Qiang F, Hong S, Dao-Ming W, Kun-Zheng C. 2012. Silicon-Mediated Amelioration of Fe2+ Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Pedosphere 22(6): 795-802