pISSN: 0852-0607 eISSN: 2527-6239 PANGAN merupakan sebuah jurnal ilmiah yang dipublikasikan oleh Pusat Riset dan Perencanaan Strategis Perum BULOG, terbit secara berkala tiga kali dalam setahun pada bulan April, Agustus, dan Desember. Saat ini PANGAN telah terakreditasi oleh Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Perguruan Tinggi Republik Indonesia dengan sertifikat akreditasi nomor 28/E/KPT/2019. PANGAN mempublikasikan beberapa jenis artikel di antaranya artikel terkait hasil riset yang berisi kemajuan utama (major advance) dan merupakan original research findings, artikel bersifat kajian (review) yang mendeskripsikan perkembangan baru kesignifikanan interdisiplin dengan memperhatikan pertanyaan pertanyaan yang belum teresolusi serta arahnya di masa mendatang, serta tulisan-tulisan lainnya terkait pangan yang menyajikan hal-hal seperti kebijakan baru dan penting dengan kesignifikanan yang luas, baik skala nasional maupun internasional, komentar terhadap masalah pangan, diseminasi undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah, Inpres, Keppres, bedah buku, rubrik, serta wawancara. Focus and Scope : produksi , pengolahan , penyimpanan pangan,.. (more) e-ISSN :2527-6239 p-ISSN : 0852-0607 Accreditation : Sinta 2 (Accreditation certificate) Indexing : International Indexer (Google Scholar | Dimensions | ROAD) Citation : Link Last 3 years in Dimensions (> 30) | Link Citation chart per 5 May 2025 Visitor Stat : Average Daily Unique Visits >100
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Consumer Preferences in Rural and Urban Areas Toward the Purchase of Layer Eggs in Jember Regency
Eggs are one of the most commonly consumed food products in Indonesia, with a relatively high national consumption level. However, egg consumption in Jember Regency tends to fluctuate from year to year. This study aims to: 1) Identify consumer preferences in rural and urban areas toward purchasing broiler eggs; and 2) Determine the factors influencing consumers’ purchasing decisions in both areas. The methods used include descriptive, analytical, and comparative approaches, with analytical tools such as the Multi-Attribute Fishbein model, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Multiple Linear Regression. The results show that rural consumers in Jember Regency prefer cleanliness and egg size attributes, while nutritional content is rated neutral and price is rated negatively. Conversely, urban consumers prioritize nutritional content and cleanliness, with price rated neutral and size rated negatively. There are significant differences in the factors influencing purchasing decisions between the two areas. In rural areas, the significant factors are income, education, family size, place of purchase, price, and seller service, while age has no effect. In urban areas, significant factors include age, education, family size, place of purchase, and price, while income and seller service show no significant influence.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effects of Using Liquid Organic Fertilizer Made from Gamal Leaves on the Vegetative and Generative Phases of Red Onions
Background: Red onions are an important agricultural commodity, particularly as a key ingredient in traditional Indonesian cuisine. However, their cultivation faces several challenges that affect plant growth and yield, such as declining soil quality and disease outbreaks. Objectives: This study aims to test the effectiveness of using liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) in enhancing the growth and yield of red onions, as well as to evaluate its potential as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Methods: This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with varying concentrations of gamal leaf OF-100 mL/L, 200 mL/L, and 300 mL/L-and a positive control using NPK fertilizer. The research stages included the production of gamal leaf POC through a fermentation process, analysis of the NPK nutrient content in the gamal leaf POC, application of the POC and the positive control to red onion plants during the vegetative and generative phases, and finally, data collection through observations of vegetative growth parameters and generative yields of red onion plants according to the treatments. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of α = 5% with the aid of IBM SPSS software, Version 22, and Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the best treatment. Results and Discussion: The results of the study showed that gamal leaf POC contained nitrogen (0.84%), phosphorus (0.68%), and potassium (1.6%). During the vegetative phase, the application of gamal leaf POC at a concentration of 300 mL/L yielded the best results in terms of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and number of suckers. During the generative phase, a concentration of 100 mL/L showed a significant increase in the number of bulbs; however, no significant differences were found in the fresh and dry weights of the bulbs. Conclusion: Gamal leaf POC at a concentration of 300 mL/L is most effective at enhancing the vegetative growth of red onions, whereas a concentration of 100 mL/L is more optimal during the generative phase-particularly for bulb count-so the application rate should be adjusted according to cultivation objectives. These findings indicate that gamal leaf POC has the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly, economical fertilizer that supports sustainable shallot farming.
Effects of Hydrolysis and Fermentation Time on the Characteristics of Calcium-Chelating Peptides Derived from Chicken Feet Bones
Background: Chicken foot bones are a byproduct with potential for use as a source of calcium-chelating peptides. Studies on the effect of a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation on the characteristics of calcium-chelating peptides from this material remain limited; therefore, an evaluation of appropriate process conditions is needed. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of hydrolysis and fermentation times on crude protein and calcium content in calcium chelates produced from chicken feet bones. Methods: The study employed a 3 × 2 factorial design with hydrolysis time (3, 6, and 9 hours) and fermentation time (18 and 24 hours) as factors. The parameters observed included crude protein content, calcium content, and proximate characteristics. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level. Results and Discussion: The results showed that increasing hydrolysis and fermentation times resulted in differences in crude protein and calcium content. The highest crude protein content of 40.06±0.03% and the highest calcium content of 3.847±0.02 mg/100 g dry weight were obtained in the treatment with 3 hours of hydrolysis and 24 hours of fermentation (H1F2). Conclusion: Variations in processing time affected the characteristics of the peptides produced from chicken feet bones. The results of this study indicate that the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation has the potential to be utilized in the development of food fortification ingredientsbased on local resources.
Food Security in Farmer Households in South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara
Background: Household food security is an important determinant of family welfare and nutritional status, particularly in rural areas with high poverty rates. The Food Consumption Score (FCS) is widely used to assess food security based on the diversity and frequency of food consumption, but its application in dry and chronically food-insecure areas such as South Central Timor (SCT) Regency is still limited. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the food security of farming households using the FCS approach and examine food consumption patterns based on the FCS classification in SCT Regency. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design in farming households with toddlers. Primary data were collected through interviews with mothers of toddlers using a structured questionnaire. The variables studied included household characteristics (parental education and number of family members), frequency of consumption of eight food groups, and FCS scores calculated according to World Food Programme (WFP) guidelines. Results and Discussion: The results showed that classification using the WFP standard cut-off categorized the majority of households as food secure. However, when using the adjusted cut- off in previous research, 97.1% of households were classified as food insecure. Consumption patterns are dominated by cereals and vegetables, with very limited consumption of animal protein sources, nuts, and milk. Conclusion: No significant association was found between parental education or family size and food security status. These findings suggest the potential for overestimating food security if only using the global FCS cut-off without considering the local context. The results of this study can serve as a basis for formulating more contextual food and nutrition interventions in rural dryland areas
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Rice Price Stability and Distribution Efficiency in South Sumatra Province
Background: Rice is a strategic food commodity that plays a vital role in maintaining food security and economic stability. South Sumatra Province is one of the nation’s major rice-producing regions, with production levels that generally result in a surplus. However, fluctuations in consumer rice prices still occur. Objective: This study aims to analyze rice price stability as well as the relationship between price stability and rice distribution efficiency in South Sumatra Province. Method: This study employs a quantitative approach using descriptive and analytical methods. The data utilized consists of secondary data, including monthly medium-grade rice prices, rice production, and rice distribution data in South Sumatra Province for the period 2021–2024. Results and Discussion: Price stability was analyzed using the coefficient of variation (CV), distribution efficiency was analyzed through the marketing margin and farmer’s share, while the relationship between price stability and distribution efficiency was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of the study indicate that the price of medium-grade rice increased from Rp10,151/kg in 2021 to Rp11,650/kg in 2024. The coefficient of variation for prices ranged from 0.79–1.53 percent, indicating relatively stable prices. The marketing margin increased from Rp1,761/kg to Rp2,330/kg, while the farmer’s share decreased from 83.27% to 80.00%. Conclusion: The regression results indicate that the marketing margin and distribution costs
Analysis of Rice Production Cost Structure
Background: One of the determinants of rice prices is production costs, with the largest component being the cost of procuring paddy, which is influenced by yield, price, and operational costs of procuring paddy. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the development of rice milling, the performance of facilities and infrastructure, the structure of production costs and business profits based on the scale of rice milling in Subang and Serang Districts. Methods: The research was conducted in Subang, West Java and Serang, Banten from August to November 2025. The study used primary data obtained through interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data were obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and other relevant literature. The data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach. Results and Discussion: The decline in the number of rice mills is thought to be due to the presence of giant companies with capacities of hundreds of tons per day, thus dominating the supply of paddy and rice in the market. Ownership of infrastructure (warehouses and dryers) varies; most small-scale rice mills lack them, most medium-scale mills have them, and large scale mills have them fully equipped. The cost of rice production per kilogram at large-scale rice mills is the highest due to the high cost of procuring paddy. This is driven by their willingness to purchase paddy at higher prices, cross-provincial supply mobility, and the use of brokers to ensure raw material availability. However, the cumulative profits are greater. The number of rice mills at various scales has decreased significantly. Large-scale rice mills have the most complete and adequate facilities and infrastructure. Conclusion: Large-scale rice mills have the highest production costs per kilogram of rice and the highest accumulated profits. To protect rice mills of all scales, regulations are needed that prohibit large-scale rice mills from purchasing grain directly from farmers, while small- and medium-scale mills are required.
Supply Chain Performance Analysis of Perum BULOG with SCOR and AHP Models
Background: The institutional transformation of Perum BULOG from a Non-Departmental Government Agency into a Public Corporation under The State-Owned Enterprises has transformed its strategic orientation from a dominant Public Service Obligation (PSO) role toward commercial activities. Differences in financing schemes, distribution mechanisms, and operational regulations between Government Rice Reserves (Cadangan Beras Pemerintah/CBP) and commercial rice require a systematic assessment of their supply chain performance. Objectives: This study evaluated the supply chain performance of CBP and commercial rice at the Subang Branch Office of Perum BULOG. Methods: This study uses a qualitative method that analyzes the CBP and commercial rice supply chains at Perum BULOG Subang Branch Office as the research locus. Primary data were collected from December 2024 to June 2025 through observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires to five expert informants selected by purposive sampling. The unit of analysis focused on the company's internal performance by integrating the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model for attribute measurement and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for indicator priority weighting. Results: The findings indicated that CBP rice achieved a supply chain performance score of 84.25%, classified as good, whereas commercial rice attained a score of 62.31%, reflecting moderate performance. AHP results highlight strengths in operational flexibility, warehouse infrastructure, and storage capacity, while also identifying the need to strengthen ERP-based analytical capabilities for more effective operational planning. Conclusion: The CBP rice supply chain performance has demonstrated superior performance compared to commercial rice, with agility and reliability as dominant attributes. However, asset efficiency and sustainability remain important. Optimizing planning, asset utilization, and information technology are key areas for supply chain performance improvement
Faktor Ekonomi Kunci yang Memengaruhi Dinamika Kemiskinandi Kawasan Perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste (Key Economic Factors Influencing Poverty Dynamics in theIndonesia-Timor Leste Border Region)
Kemiskinan dan kerentanan pangan masih menjadi tantangan pembangunan utama di kawasan perbatasan, khususnya di wilayah dengan keterbatasan infrastruktur, dominasi pekerjaan informal, dan sistem pertanian lahan kering yang rentan terhadap perubahan iklim. Dalam konteks tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pendapatan per kapita, tingkat pengangguran, dan produksi padi terhadap dinamika kemiskinan di empat kabupaten perbatasan Indonesia–Timor Leste (Kupang, Timor Tengah Utara, Belu, dan Malaka) selama periode 2015–2024. Dengan menggunakan regresi panel Fixed Effect Model (FEM), hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa pendapatan per kapita berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kemiskinan, meskipun pengaruhnya relatif kecil, sementara pengangguran dan produksi padi tidak signifikan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya keterputusan pertumbuhan–kemiskinan (growth-poverty disconnect) di kawasan perbatasan, di mana peningkatan pendapatan belum sepenuhnya diikuti oleh penurunan kemiskinan akibat dominasi pekerjaan informal berproduktivitas rendah dan keterbatasan sistem pertanian lahan kering. Implikasi kebijakan menegaskan perlunya pendekatan pembangunan berbasis karakteristik wilayah (territorial differentiation) melalui pemerataan distribusi pendapatan, penciptaan lapangan kerja layak (decent work), serta penguatan ketahanan pangan berbasis diversifikasi pangan lokal, adopsi teknologi adaptif iklim, dan penguatan kelembagaan pasar. Dengan demikian, pembangunan kawasan perbatasan diharapkan tidak hanya mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, tetapi juga menurunkan kemiskinan dan memperkuat ketahanan pangan secara lebih inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Poverty and food vulnerability remain significant development challenges in border regions, particularly in areas characterized by limited infrastructure, the dominance of informal employment, and dryland agricultural systems that are highly vulnerable to climate variability. In this context, this study examined the effects of per capita income, the open unemployment rate, and rice production on poverty dynamics across four Indonesian Timor–Leste border districts (Kupang, North Central Timor, Belu, and Malaka) over the period 2015–2024. Using a panel regression with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM), the results indicated that per capita income had a statistically significant, adverse effect on poverty. However, the magnitude of this effect was relatively small, whereas unemployment and rice production were not statistically significant. The findings revealed a growth–poverty disconnect in border regions, where income growth had not been fully translated into poverty reduction due to the prevalence of low-productivity informal employment and structural constraints in dryland agricultural systems. Policy implications underscore the importance of a territorially differentiated development approach, emphasizing a more equitable distribution of income gains, the expansion of decent work, and the strengthening of food security through local food diversification, the adoption of climate-adaptive technologies, and the reinforcement of market institutions. Accordingly, development strategies in border regions are expected not only to stimulate economic growth but also to reduce poverty and enhance food security in more inclusive and sustainable ways.
Determinants of Innovation Adoption and Its Impact on Maize Farming Productivity
Background: Maize farming productivity in rural areas still faces several challenges, particularly the low adoption of agricultural innovations, limited effectiveness of extension services, and the suboptimal role of farmer groups. For smallholder farmers, understanding the factors that encourage the adoption of innovations is essential to improve production outcomes. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the adoption of agricultural innovations and their impact on maize farming productivity in Bobo Village, Palolo District, Sigi Regency. Methods: This study employs a quantitative approach using primary and secondary data obtained through a survey of 100 corn farmers. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships among the variables: access to extension services, participation in farmers’ groups, ease of innovation, adoption rate, and productivity. Results and Discussion: The results show that is not sufficient by only providing information or technology, but must be followed by the actual adoption of innovations by farmers. The adoption of innovations acts as a key link between extension services, ease of technology, and farmer group participation with production outcomes. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of improving the quality of extension services, strengthening farmer groups, and providing innovations that are easy to implement, in order to support sustainable increases in agricultural productivity.
Ketimpangan Spasial Pasokan Beras dan Implikasinya terhadapKetahanan Pangan di Pulau Sumatra (Spatial Disparities in Rice Supply and Their Implications for FoodSecurity in Sumatra Island)
Ketimpangan distribusi beras merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpotensi memengaruhi ketahanan pangan regional, khususnya di Pulau Sumatra yang memiliki karakteristik produksi dan konsumsi beras yang sangat bervariasi antarwilayah. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola spasial surplus dan defisit beras antarkabupaten/kota di Pulau Sumatra tahun 2023, mengukur tingkat ketimpangan ketersediaan beras pada periode 2018–2023, serta menguji pengaruh ketimpangan distribusi beras terhadap kerawanan pangan di Pulau Sumatra. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari publikasi resmi Badan Pusat Statistik, Kementerian Pertanian, literatur terkait, serta hasil penelitian terdahulu yang relevan dengan menggunakan analisis spasial, Indeks Williamson, serta regresi data panel menggunakan model Random Effects. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi spasial ketersediaan beras sangat timpang, dengan 62,34 persen wilayah mengalami kondisi defisit beras. Indeks Williamson secara konsisten berada di atas 0,5 yang mengindikasikan tingginya ketimpangan distribusi beras antarwilayah. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan distribusi berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap Indeks Ketahanan Pangan (p-value: 0,0019). Selanjutnya, pengeluaran per kapita dan tingkat kemiskinan yang merupakan faktor dominan juga memengaruhi ketahanan pangan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa ketahanan pangan di Sumatra lebih dipengaruhi oleh akses ekonomi (demand-side) dibandingkan ketersediaan fisik beras (supply-side). Oleh karena itu, studi ini merekomendasikan agar fokus kebijakan diarahkan pada peningkatan akses ekonomi melalui pengentasan kemiskinan, bantuan sosial, dan stabilisasi harga untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan yang inklusif. Rice distribution inequality is one factor that could affect regional food security, especially on the island of Sumatra, where rice production and consumption vary widely across regions. This study aimed to analyze the spatial patterns of rice surpluses and deficits across districts/cities on the island of Sumatra in 2023, measured the level of inequality in rice availability during 2018–2023, and examined the effect of rice distribution inequality on food insecurity on the island of Sumatra. This study used secondary data from official publications of the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture, relevant literature, and previous research results, including spatial analysis, the Williamson Index, and panel data regression using the Random Effects model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of rice availability is very uneven, with 62.34 percent of the region experiencing rice deficits. The Williamson Index was consistently above 0.5, indicating a high level of inequality in rice distribution between regions. The regression results showed that distribution inequality had a very significant effect on the Food Security Index (p-value: 0.0019). Furthermore, per capita expenditure and poverty levels, which were dominant factors, also affected food security. These findings indicated that food security in Sumatra was more influenced by economic access (demand-side) than by the physical availability of rice (supply-side). Therefore, this study recommended that policy focus be directed toward improving economic access through poverty alleviation, social assistance, and price stabilization in order to achieve inclusive food security.
Penguatan Indikasi Geografis Beras Pandanwangi Cianjur: KajianKomparatif Standar Indonesia dan Jepang (Strengthening Geographical Indication of Pandanwangi Cianjur Rice:Comparative Study Indonesia-Japan Standards)
Indikasi Geografis (IG) merupakan instrumen penting untuk melindungi produk lokal yang memiliki kualitas dan karakteristik khas akibat faktor alam maupun manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kelemahan deskripsi IG Beras Pandanwangi Cianjur dan menyusun rekomendasi penguatan melalui perbandingan dengan standar IG Jepang yang diatur oleh Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif berbasis studi pustaka, dengan sumber utama berupa dokumen resmi IG Pandanwangi Cianjur dari Pangkalan Data Kekayaan Intelektual (PDKI) serta Berita Resmi IG No. 03/IG/VII/A/2015, yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan pedoman teknis IG Jepang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa deskripsi IG Pandanwangi Cianjur belum sepenuhnya memenuhi ketentuan dalam PP No. 51 Tahun 2007, karena hanya menekankan ciri fisik beras dan lokasi budidaya secara umum. Unsur penting seperti batas wilayah administratif, sejarah dan reputasi, faktor ekologi, metode produksi, pengawasan mutu, serta sistem pelabelan belum dĳabarkan secara rinci. Kondisi ini berpotensi melemahkan perlindungan hukum dan daya saing produk. Sebaliknya, sistem Jepang menekankan kualitas, reputasi historis, keterkaitan ekologis, serta peran aktif kelompok produsen dalam pengelolaan IG. Oleh karena itu, penyempurnaan deskripsi IG Pandanwangi Cianjur melalui integrasi dimensi kualitas, sosial budaya, ekologi, dan kelembagaan sangat penting untuk memperkuat identitas, meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi, dan mendukung keberlanjutan produk di pasar global. Geographical Indication (GI) is an important instrument to protect local products with distinctive qualities and characteristics shaped by both natural and human factors. This study aimed to identify weaknesses in the GI description of Pandanwangi Cianjur rice and to provide recommendations for strengthening it by comparing it with the Japanese GI standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF). The research applied a descriptive qualitative method based on a literature study, using the official GI description of Pandanwangi Cianjur from the Intellectual Property Database (PDKI) and the Official GI Gazette No. 03/IG/VII/A/2015, which were then compared with Japanese technical guidelines and GI descriptions. The results indicated that the GI description of Pandanwangi Cianjur did not fully comply with Government Regulation No. 51 of 2007, as it primarily described the rice's physical attributes and general cultivation areas. Essential elements such as administrative boundaries, history and reputation, ecological factors, production methods, quality control mechanisms, and labeling systems were not explained in detail. This condition may weaken both legal protection and product competitiveness. In contrast, the Japanese system emphasized product quality, historical value, ecological linkages, and the active involvement of producer organizations in GI management. Therefore, improving the GI description of Pandanwangi Cianjur by integrating quality, socio-cultural, ecological, and institutional dimensions is crucial to strengthen identity, increase economic value, and support the sustainability of local products in global markets.
Preferences of Farmers in the South Coast of Purworejo Regency Towards New Superior Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa)
Background: Purworejo Regency is one of Indonesia's rice-producing regions. Identifying new, superior varieties suitable for various soil types, such as saline soils, is expected to increase rice production in the region. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide recommendations for new superior rice varieties based on the highest productivity in saline land in Purworejo Regency, and to create a sustainable agricultural management model. Methods: This study uses PVS tests that can be used in other areas with similar characteristics. This study involved 17 respondents to determine the preferences of each new superior rice variety. Respondents were selected through observation and recommendations from Gapoktan based on the number of farmers active in the rice fields. Observations were also made on new superior rice varieties in the vegetative and generative phases. Observations in the generative phase, including crop yields. Parameters for observation of morphological characters include plant height (cm), number of seedlings, root length (cm), flowering age 50%, number of panicles, number of filled grains, number of empty grains, and weight of filled grain. Results and Discussion: The results of the PVS test, based on farmers' preferences for the presented superior rice varieties, were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of this assessment will be balanced against the study's average parameters for each variety. Through the PVS test approach and participatory preference data collection, the Inpari 34 Agritan variety emerged as the main choice, with lower farmer acceptance due to weakness in pest resistance and low productivity, despite its superior characteristics based on morphological observations. In contrast, varieties such as IPB 12S and TP-Padi 2 show relatively lower acceptance among farmers due to weaknesses in pest resistance and low productivity Conclusion: The PVS approach is effective for selecting salt-tolerant rice varieties that are well-suited to farmers’ needs and have the potential to support food security.
Membangun Model Kerjasama Investasi Revitalisasi InfrastrukturPascapanen Padi Melalui Skema Public-Private Partnership (Building a Cooperation Model for Investment in Post-Harvest RiceInfrastructure Revitalization Through a Public-Private PartnershipScheme)
Dominasi penggilingan padi kecil (PPK) dengan teknologi usang menjadi isu struktural yang menghambat efisiensi pascapanen padi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengisi kesenjangan literatur mengenai adaptasi skema Public-Private Partnership (PPP) pada sektor pertanian terfragmentasi dengan merancang model kerjasama investasi yang menempatkan BUMN Pangan sebagai fasilitator kelembagaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang model kerjasama investasi untuk revitalisasi infrastruktur pascapanen melalui skema Public-Private Partnership (PPP) dengan BUMN Pangan sebagai fasilitator. Menggunakan pendekatan Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) dan Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), penelitian ini memetakan situasi problematik dan memprioritaskan 639 Rice Milling Unit (RMU) dari 2.266 unit yang dianalisis, di mana 73,1 persen masuk dalam kategori prioritas tinggi dan sangat tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model PPP yang diusulkan, dengan BUMN Pangan sebagai penghubung antara investor, PERPADI, dan petani, dapat mengurangi asimetri informasi dan risiko investasi. Model ini menawarkan skema investasi yang bervariasi (misalnya, leasing, partisipasi ekuitas) yang disesuaikan dengan tingkat prioritas RMU. Kesimpulannya, model ini tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai solusi praktis untuk modernisasi infrastruktur pascapanen, tetapi juga memberikan kontribusi teoretis dalam penerapan PPP di sektor pangan mikro, yang pada akhirnya mendukung penguatan ketahanan pangan nasional. Indonesia’s rice milling industry is still dominated by small-scale mills (PPK) which account for more than 95% of total business units with outdated technology and capital limitations. This research aims to design an investment cooperation model for post-harvest infrastructure revitalization through a Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme with BUMN PANGAN as facilitator. Using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), the research analyzes problematic situations through identification of clients, practitioners, and problem owners, as well as examining social and political aspects of cooperation. Data shows installed capacity reaches ±116 million tons per year but realization is only ±65 million tons per year. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) of 639 RMU units from 2,266 units shows 73.1 percent fall into High and Very High Priority categories. The proposed PPP model positions BUMN PANGAN as a connector between investors and PERPADI and farmer associations through identification, mapping, and partner appointment mechanisms based on objective criteria. In conclusion, this model can reduce investment risk, guarantee markets through BUMN PANGAN’s role as offtaker, and improve post-harvest efficiency to strengthen national food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Efektivitas Kebĳakan Subsidi Input terhadap ProduktivitasPertanian: Kasus Usaha Tani Jagung (Effectiveness of Input Subsidy Policies on Agricultural Productivity:Evidence from Maize Farming)
Subsidi input masih menjadi salah satu instrumen penting dalam kebĳakan pertanian untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan ketahanan pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak kebĳakan subsidi input terhadap produktivitas pertanian, dengan fokus pada usaha tani jagung di Indonesia. Analisis menggunakan data mikro Sensus Pertanian 2013 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 67.100 rumah tangga usaha tani jagung. Metode Propensity Score Matching (PSM) diterapkan untuk mengukur dampak subsidi pupuk dan subsidi benih terhadap produktivitas, produksi per satuan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model PSM berhasil mengurangi bias seleksi dan mengonfirmasi adanya pengaruh nyata dari kebĳakan subsidi input terhadap produktivitas. Temuan utama memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan arah dampak. Subsidi pupuk terbukti meningkatkan produktivitas usaha tani jagung, sedangkan subsidi benih justru berdampak negatif berupa penurunan produktivitas. Perbedaan ini menegaskan perlunya evaluasi lebih lanjut terhadap efektivitas desain dan implementasi program subsidi input di Indonesia. Input subsidies remain one of the key policy instruments in agriculture to enhance productivity and food security. This study examines the impact of input subsidy policies on agricultural productivity, with a particular focus on maize farming in Indonesia. The analysis uses microdata from the 2013 Agricultural Census, comprising a sample of 67,100 maize-farming households. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method is employed to assess the effects of fertilizer and seed subsidies on productivity. The results indicate that applying the PSM model effectively reduces selection bias and confirms a significant impact of input subsidy policies on productivity. The main findings reveal divergent effects: fertilizer subsidies increase maize farm productivity, whereas seed subsidies reduce it. This contrast underscores the need for further evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and implementation of input subsidy programs in Indonesia.
Optimization of Ripening Time and Temperature to Improve the Microbiological, Physico-Chemical, and Sensory Quality of Cheese Analogues
Background: The increasing popularity of vegan lifestyles and plant-based diets has driven the food industry to seek cheese alternatives. Consequently, this research aimed to develop a product comparable to conventional cheese. Objectives: Notably, the novelty of this study lies in combining Geotrichum candidum with varying ripening times and temperatures to improve the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory qualities of vegan cheese. Methods: To achieve this, a completely randomized design was used to test two factors: time and temperature. Additionally, data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that ripening time significantly influenced viability, pH, proteolysis, lipolysis, water content, moisture-free-fat-basis (MFFB), flavor, and texture (p<0.01), as well as fat-in-dry-matter (FDM) and ash content (p<0.05). Furthermore, ripening temperature was directly proportional to viability, proteolysis, lipolysis, FDM, flavor, texture, fat, protein, and ash content, but inversely proportional to pH, water content, and MFFB (p<0.01). Importantly, interaction effects between time and temperature were seen in viability, proteolysis, lipolysis, flavor, and texture (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these findings, the recommended ripening method is D4T3, at 15 °C for 90 days. This approach, therefore, resulted in cheese analogues with optimal microbiological (viability, proteolysis, and lipolysis of 5.54 log CFU/mL, 3.55 mM Gly/L, and 24.21 µmol oleate/hour, respectively), physicochemical (MFFB 59%, water content 55%, protein 21%, FDM 17%, ash 13%, fat 10%), and sensory (flavor and texture preferred by panelists) qualities under the experimental conditions.
Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Pupuk Kandang Sapi terhadap BudidayaJagung Ungu (Zea mays L. ceratina Kulesh) / Optimization of Cow Manure Utilization for Purple Corn Cultivation(Zea mays L. ceratina Kulesh)
Indonesia berpotensi dalam pengembangan pertanian melalui pemanfaatan tanaman lokal bernilai ekonomi tinggi, salah satunya adalah jagung ungu (Zea mays L. ceratina Kulesh). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penggunaan pupuk kandang sapi terhadap sifat kimia tanah, pertumbuhan, dan hasil produksi jagung ungu. Penggunaan pupuk kandang sapi terbukti meningkatkan pH tanah dari 4,95 menjadi 5,59, menurunkan kadar Al-dd hingga 0,00 me/100 g, serta meningkatkan kadar fosfor tersedia, kapasitas tukar kation (KTK), dan kandungan karbon organik tanah. Sementara itu, kadar nitrogen total tidak mengalami perubahan berarti. Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi sebanyak 150 g per tanaman menghasilkan pertumbuhan terbaik, dengan tinggi tanaman mencapai 197,48 cm, jumlah daun 12,24 helai, dan diameter batang 2,65 cm. Pemanenan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan panjang dan diameter tongkol tanpa kelobot, dengan dosis optimal antara 150 hingga 200 g. Secara keseluruhan, pupuk kandang sapi terbukti efektif dalam memperbaiki kualitas tanah dan meningkatkan hasil jagung ungu, serta menawarkan solusi berkelanjutan sebagai alternatif pupuk anorganik. Indonesia has the potential for agricultural development by utilizing local plants with high economic value, including purple corn (Zea mays L. ceratina Kulesh). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cow manure on soil chemical properties, growth, and yield of purple corn. The use of cow manure was proven to increase soil pH from 4.95 to 5.59, reduce Al-dd levels to 0.00 me/100 g, and increase available phosphorus levels, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic carbon content. Meanwhile, total nitrogen levels did not change significantly. Application of 150 g of cow manure per plant resulted in the best growth, with plant height reaching 197.48 cm, having 12.24 leaves, and a stem diameter of 2.65 cm.. Harvesting showed an increase in the length and diameter of the cob without husk, with an optimal dose between 150 and 200 g. Overall, cow manure has proven effective in improving soil quality and increasing purple corn yields, and it offers a sustainable alternative to inorganic fertilizers.
Jagung ungu; pupuk kandang sapi; sifat kimia tanah
Analisis Eksplorasi Pembiayaan Sistem Resi Gudang Beras diProvinsi Aceh: Pendekatan Skenario Kebĳakan Interpretative Structural Modeling (Exploratory Analysis of Rice Warehouse Receipt System Financing inAceh Province: An Interpretative Structural Modeling Policy ScenarioApproach)
Pengesahan Qanun No. 11 tahun 2018 tentang Lembaga Keuangan Syariah (LKS) di Provinsi Aceh membutuhkan adanya adaptasi antara akses pembiayaan syariah dengan kebutuhan usahatani. Pemanfaatan Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG) beras sebagai perlindungan, jaminan harga, dan daya saing perlu dibangun dalam ekosistem pembiayaan secara syariah di Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan sistem pembiayaan syariah berdasarkan analisis skenario kebĳakan pemanfaatan SRG Beras di Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian dilakukan pada Kota Banda Aceh, Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Pidie, dan Bireuen yang terdiri dari petani, agen, industri penggilingan, dan pengelola gudang SRG. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan model Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). Pemanfaatan SRG ditentukan oleh adanya pembiayaan skema resi gudang oleh LKS dan kestabilan harga. Sektor kunci dalam kebĳakan strategis pembiayaan syariah SRG terdiri dari 2 sub-elemen, yaitu mengoptimalkan standby buyer/off-taker dalam penyerapan gabah dan kolaborasi pembiayaan subsidi SRG antara bank syariah dengan Pemerintah Aceh. Pada taraf berikutnya, levelisasi kebĳakan perlu dibangun dengan peningkatan daya saing mutu gabah dan beras, sosialisasi teknis pemanfaatan SRG dalam perlindungan nilai gabah dan kestabilan harga, serta membangun skema pembiayaan syariah untuk kebutuhan modal usaha. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlu adanya kesinambungan pusat logistik dan badan penyangga harga pangan sebagai ekosistem keberlanjutan pembiayaan syariah SRG beras di Provinsi Aceh. The enactment of Qanun No. 11 of 2018 on Islamic Financial Institutions in Aceh Province requires the alignment of Islamic financing access with the agricultural sector. Integrating the rice Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) as a mechanism for protection, price stabilization, and enhanced competitiveness is essential for strengthening the Islamic financing ecosystem in the province.This study aimed to formulate the Islamic financing for the utilization of rice SRG through a policy scenario analysis. Research was conducted in Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar Regency, Pidie, and Bireuen, involving farmers, agents, rice milling industries, and WRS managers. The Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method was employed to identify key strategic elements. Findings indicated that SRG utilization is primarily driven by the availability of warehouse receipt financing from Islamic financial institutions and stable price mechanisms. Two key sectors for the strategic policy: optimizing off-takers, and fostering collaborative SRG subsidy financing between Islamic banks and the Aceh Government. Subsequent policy priorities include improving grain and rice quality competitiveness, socialization of SRG instruments, and developing Islamic financing schemes for working capital. The study recommends sustaining logistics centers and food price buffer agencies as integral components of the sustainability of islamic financing ecosystem for rice SRG in Aceh Province.
Determinan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi pada Lahan Suboptimaldi Sumatera Selatan (Determinants of Rice Farming Income on Suboptimal Landin South Sumatera)
Padi merupakan komoditas pangan utama di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, sehingga peningkatan produksinya menjadi prioritas melalui optimalisasi lahan suboptimal, seperti lahan pasang surut dan lebak. Upaya optimalisasi tersebut harus sejalan dengan peningkatan pendapatan petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pendapatan, menentukan alternatif lahan yang sesuai, serta menganalisis determinan pendapatan usahatani padi di kedua tipe lahan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei dengan penentuan sampel secara purposif bertingkat, melibatkan 120 petani dari empat desa di Kabupaten Banyuasin, masing-masing dua desa pada lahan pasang surut dan lebak. Analisis data menggunakan persamaan matematis pendapatan dan model regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara pendapatan petani padi di lahan pasang surut dan lebak. Namun, lahan pasang surut memiliki potensi lebih besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai basis utama produksi padi di Kabupaten Banyuasin dan wilayah Sumatera Selatan. Determinan pendapatan usahatani padi meliputi luas lahan, biaya produksi, produksi, dan harga gabah kering panen. Untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani, diperlukan program berbasis kelas hidrotopografi lahan, meliputi: rehabilitasi tata air, ameliorasi, penggunaan varietas unggul, perbaikan teknik budidaya, penataan waktu tanam, demplot padi surjan, bantuan mekanisasi, fasilitas kredit input, penyediaan infrastruktur logistik dan penyimpanan, penguatan koperasi pemasaran dan kelompok tani melalui pelatihan dan penyuluhan, serta inklusi petani muda. Rice is the main food commodity in South Sumatra Province; therefore, increasing its production has become a priority through optimizing suboptimal lands such as tidal and swamp (lebak) areas. This optimization effort must be aligned with improving farmers’ income. This study aimed to compare farm incomes, identify the most suitable land type for rice cultivation, and analyze the determinants of rice farmers’ income in both land types. The research employed a survey method with a stratified purposive sampling technique with 120 farmers from four villages in Banyuasin Regency, consisted of two villages in tidal areas and two in swamp areas. Data were analyzed using farm income equations and multiple linear regression models. The results showed no significant difference in rice farmers’ income between tidal and swamp areas. However, tidal land had greater potential to be developed as the primary base for rice production in Banyuasin Regency and the South Sumatra region. The main determinants of farm income were land area, production costs, yield, and grain price. To increase farmers’ income, programs based on land hydrotopographic classification are required, including water management rehabilitation, soil amelioration, use of superior varieties, improvement of cultivation techniques, crop scheduling, demonstration plots, mechanization assistance, input credit facilities, logistics and storage infrastructure, strengthening of marketing cooperatives and farmer groups, as well as youth farmer inclusion initiatives.
Reposisi BULOG dan Integrasi Empat Dimensi FAO: Model Konseptual danRoadmap Strategis Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Indonesia (Repositioning BULOG and Integrating the Four FAO Dimensions: A ConceptualModel and Strategic Roadmap for Indonesia’s National Food Security)
Ketahanan pangan nasional Indonesia menghadapi tantangan struktural yang kian kompleks akibat krisis iklim, disrupsi geopolitik, ketimpangan logistik, dan lemahnya kelembagaan. Studi ini merumuskan model konseptual dan roadmap strategis ketahanan pangan berbasis empat dimensi FAO—ketersediaan, akses, pemanfaatan, dan stabilitas—yang diadaptasi secara kontekstual ke dalam sistem pangan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen kebijakan dan literatur internasional untuk membangun kerangka integratif dan roadmap tiga tahapan (jangka pendek, menengah, dan panjang). Hasilnya, ditemukan bahwa reposisi kelembagaan Perum BULOG sebagai central food logistics agency merupakan syarat strategis untuk menjamin keterjangkauan, distribusi adil, dan respons sistemik terhadap krisis. Temuan ini memperkuat argumen bahwa tata kelola ketahanan pangan yang terintegrasi dan prediktif harus melibatkan sinergi antarsektor dan antarpulau dengan dukungan sistem digital berbasis data spasial. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis dan praktis dalam membangun sistem pangan nasional yang inklusif, resilien, dan berkelanjutan. Indonesia’s national food security system faces mounting structural challenges driven by climate crisis, geopolitical disruptions, logistical disparities, and institutional fragility. This study developed a conceptual model and strategic roadmap for national food security, based on the four FAO dimensions: availability, access, utilization, and stability, into an integrated framework contextualized for Indonesia. Employing a qualitative approach through document-based policy analysis and international literature review, the study developed a three-phase roadmap (short-term, medium-term, and long-term). The findings underscored the critical need to reposition Perum BULOG as a central food logistics agency to ensure food affordability, equitable distribution, and systemic responsiveness to crises. The study argued that predictive, data-driven, and institutionally coordinated food governance is essential to achieving a resilient and inclusive food system. Its contributions are both theoretical and practical, offering a framework for evidence-based policy and long-term sustainability in Indonesia’s food governance architecture.
Analisis Kinerja Rantai Pasok (Supply Chain) Beras padaUsaha Penggilingan Padi di UD. Gotong RoyongKecamatan Suboh Kabupaten Situbondo (Analysis of Rice Supply Chain Performance in Rice Milling Business atUD. Gotong Royong, Suboh District, Situbondo Regency)
UD. Gotong Royong sebagai pusat pengolahan padi menghadapi ketidakpastian pasokan gabah, keterlambatan informasi pengiriman, dan margin keuntungan rendah, sehingga diperlukan pengelolaan rantai pasok untuk memenuhi permintaan pasar dan meningkatkan keuntungan. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis aliran produk, finansial, informasi, serta kinerja rantai pasok menggunakan metode SCOR. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi literatur dengan teknik purposive dan snowball sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aliran produk mencakup kualitas, kuantitas, dan metode pengiriman; aliran finansial meliputi sistem pembayaran dan penetapan harga; sedangkan aliran informasi meliputi jenis serta metode pertukaran informasi. Kinerja rantai pasok produk beras di UD. Gotong Royong diperoleh nilai kinerja keseluruhan termasuk kategori superior (sangat baik), secara rinci indikator kinerja pengiriman (97%), pemenuhan pesanan beras premium (99%), kesesuaian standar (100%), lead time (2 hari), siklus pemenuhan pesanan (1,5 hari), fleksibiltas (1,5 hari), dan cash to cash cycle time (10 hari), sedangkan indikator pemenuhan pesanan beras medium berada pada kategori cukup baik (95%), total supply chain cost berada pada kategori kurang baik (90,6%), dan persediaan harian berada pada kategori baik (9 hari). UD. Gotong Royong, as a rice processing center, faces uncertainty in grain supply, delays in delivery information, and low profit margins, so supply chain management is needed to meet market demand and increase profits. The study aimed to analyze product flow, financial, information, and supply chain performance using the SCOR method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and literature studies using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that product flow included quality, quantity, and delivery methods; financial flow included payment systems and pricing; while information flow included the types and methods of information exchange ─the performance of the rice product supply chain at UD. Gotong Royong obtained an overall performance value categorized as superior (very good). In detail, the performance indicators for delivery were 97%, fulfillment of premium rice orders 99%, compliance with standards 100%, lead time 2 days, order fulfillment cycle 1.5 days, flexibility 1.5 days, and cash-to-cash cycle time 10 days. Meanwhile, the indicator for fulfilling medium rice orders was in the parity category or quite good (95%), the total supply chain cost was in the below-par category or less good (90.6%), and daily inventory was in the advantageous category or good (9 days).
Optimization of Domestic Rice Provision at Perum BULOG West Java Regional Office
Background: Stability in rice supply and prices is a pillar of national food security, and the Public Company (Perum) BULOG plays a central role. However, Perum BULOG faces dual challenges: fulfilling government assignments (Public Service Obligations) and achieving positive financial performance. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the optimal level of domestic rice procurement at the Perum BULOG West Java Regional Office to maximize Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) while still considering five priority objectives under two scenarios. Methods: The optimization method used is Pre-emptive Goal Programming, a multi- objective, multi-level approach that minimizes deviations from the five objectives in priority order. The data analyzed are secondary data from 2024 from four Branch Offices (Kancab) in West Java: Kancab Bandung, Cirebon, Indramayu, and Bogor. Results and Discussion: The results show that the main factors influencing rice procurement are price, harvest area, production, warehouse capacity, and market certainty from government programs. In the First Scenario, Priority 1's objective, minimizing overprocurement (d ⁺ ₁), was fully achieved with a deviation of 0.00. This means that all annual procurement targets were met, resulting in the optimal domestic rice procurement of 86,500,000 kg, in line with the target. EBITDA in the First Scenario was IDR 323.21 billion, a 78.34% decrease from the actual figure of IDR1,492.22 billion. In the Second Scenario, Priority 1's objective, minimizing undersales (d ⁻ ₅), was fully achieved with a deviation of 0.00. This means that all sales targets were optimally met. EBITDA in the Second Scenario was IDR461.21 billion, a 69.09 percent decrease from the actual figure of IDR1,492.22 billion. Conclusion: The optimization model indicates that the priority structure determines the achievement of rice procurement targets; therefore, a more balanced procurement policy is needed through resource optimization, logistics integration, and the strengthening of adaptive strategies to support supply stability and financial performance.
Peningkatan Efisiensi Pemupukan Nitrogen Tanaman Padimelalui Pupuk Lepas Lambat (Increasing the Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization in Rice throughSlow-Release Fertilizers)
Nitrogen (N) sebagai hara penting dalam pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman. N mudah larut dalam air sehingga mudah tersedia bagi tanaman, tetapi bersifat volatil sehingga mudah hilang jika tidak diserap di dalam tanah. Pemupukan N merupakan cara untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hara tanaman karena kandungan N yang ada di tanah tidak cukup. Namun demikian, penggunaan pupuk N yang berlebihan memiliki dampak serius terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan pupuk N yang efisien sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan produksi padi. Artikel ini membahas jenis pupuk lepas lambat dan bahan pelapisnya, serta penggunaan pupuk N lepas lambat yang terbukti efektif meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan N dan hasil panen. Pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat merupakan pupuk yang memiliki laju pelepasan yang lebih rendah dibanding pupuk urea konvensional. Pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu yang memiliki kelarutan rendah, dan pupuk yang dilapisi dengan bahan tertentu. Bahan pelapis dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga jenis, yaitu berupa bahan organik, non-organik, dan biopolimer. Hasil- hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan N dan juga hasil gabah. Peningkatan ini berkaitan dengan meningkatnya serapan N oleh tanaman dan juga penurunan kehilangan N. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan pupuk nitrogen lepas lambat menjadi alternatif cara untuk diterapkan pada budidaya tanaman padi yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and yield. N is very soluble in water, thereby it is easily available to plants, but it is volatile, making it easily lost if not absorbed by the soil. N fertilization is a way to fulfill plant nutrient needs when the N content in the soil is not sufficient. However, excessive use of N fertilizer has serious environmental impacts. Therefore, efficient use of N fertilizer is crucial to optimize rice production. This article reviewed types of slow-release fertilizer and coating materials, as well as the use of slow-release N fertilizer, which has been proven effective in increasing N use efficiency and crop yields. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a fertilizer that has a lower release rate than conventional urea fertilizer. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer consists of two groups, namely those with low solubility and fertilizers coated with certain materials. Coating materials can be classified into three types: organic, inorganic, and biopolymer materials. Research results showed that the use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield. This increase was related to increased N uptake by plants and also reduced N loss. Therefore, the application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is an alternative way to be applied to rice cultivation, which is more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Validasi Psikometrik Instrumen Faktor Penentu Kualitas BerasPremium Berbasis Teori Respons Butir (Psychometric Validation of an Instrument for Determinant Factorsof Premium Rice Quality Based on Item Response Theory)
Pemahaman terhadap preferensi konsumen memerlukan alat ukur yang akurat, andal, serta mampu merepresentasikan persepsi terhadap kualitas produk secara menyeluruh. Pada komoditas strategis seperti beras premium, atribut sensorik dan fisik, meliputi aroma, warna, tekstur, kebersihan, dan masa simpan, memiliki peranan penting dalam membentuk persepsi konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan mengevaluasi instrumen pengukuran persepsi konsumen terhadap kualitas beras premium dengan pendekatan Teori Respons Butir (Item Response Theory/IRT), khususnya melalui Model Respons Terklasifikasi (Graded Response Model/GRM). Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada penyusunan instrumen yang valid dan reliabel untuk mengukur atribut-atribut utama yang relevan dalam konteks preferensi konsumen. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap sejumlah asumsi dasar GRM, yaitu unidimensionalitas, independensi lokal, dan monotonisitas, yang hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ketiga asumsi terpenuhi. Sebagian besar butir dalam instrumen memiliki parameter diskriminasi yang tinggi (a > 1,0) serta ambang kesulitan (threshold) yang logis dan tersebar dengan baik di sepanjang spektrum tingkat kemampuan. Evaluasi kurva karakteristik butir (Item Characteristic Curve/ICC) dan indeks penerimaan menunjukkan bahwa skala ini mampu mengukur preferensi konsumen dari tingkat kesulitan sangat rendah hingga sangat tinggi secara efektif. Hasil uji efektivitas jumlah kategori respons memperlihatkan bahwa empat pilihan jawaban memberikan prediksi terbaik, dengan nilai Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) pada kisaran 0,1867–0,2138, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan versi tiga maupun lima kategori. Dengan demikian, GRM terbukti efektif dalam membangun skala pengukuran preferensi konsumen terhadap beras premium, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk penyusunan strategi dan kebijakan berbasis data. Understanding consumer preferences requires measurement tools that are accurate, reliable, and capable of representing perceptions of product quality comprehensively. For strategic commodities such as premium rice, sensory and physical attributes, such as aroma, color, texture, cleanliness, and shelf life, play a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a measurement instrument for consumer perceptions of premium rice quality using the Item Response Theory (IRT) framework, specifically the Graded Response Model (GRM). The focus of this research was on constructing a valid and reliable tool to assess key attributes that were relevant in the context of consumer preferences. The analysis tested several fundamental assumptions of the GRM, namely unidimensionality, local independence, and monotonicity, all of which were satisfied. Most items in the instrument demonstrated high discrimination parameters (a > 1.0) as well as logical and well-distributed threshold values across the ability spectrum. Evaluation of the Item Characteristic Curves (ICC) and acceptance indices indicated that the scale effectively measures consumer preferences across a wide range of difficulty levels, from very low to very high. Furthermore, the test of response category effectiveness showed that a four-option format provided the best prediction, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranging between 0.1867 and 0.2138, which was lower than the three- and five-option versions. Thus, the GRM is proven to be effective in constructing a measurement scale for consumer preferences toward premium rice, offering valuable insights for data-driven strategies and policies.
Transmisi Harga Cabai Merah Keritingdi Kabupaten Bangka Tengah (Price Transmission of Curly Red Chiliesin Central Bangka Regency)
Terdapat perbedaan yang besar antara harga cabai merah keriting tingkat petani dan konsumen di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah yaitu sebesar Rp10.871,00 per kilogram. Rantai pemasaran yang panjang atau penyalahgunaan market power oleh pelaku pemasaran dapat menyebabkan disparitas harga yang besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana transmisi harga terjadi dalam distribusi pemasaran cabai merah keriting di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Data yang digunakan yaitu harga cabai merah keriting tingkat petani dan konsumen di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah berupa data time series mingguan dari Maret 2020 hingga November 2022. Pendekatan analisis data yang digunakan untuk memenuhi tujuan penelitian adalah dengan metode Asymmetric Error Correction Model (AECM). Penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa perubahan harga cabai merah keriting tingkat petani ditransmisikan secara simetri ke konsumen di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah baik dalam jangka pendek ataupun dalam jangka panjang. Hasil ini menandakan bahwa pemasaran cabai merah keriting di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah efisien dari segi efisiensi harga. Tetapi petani perlu meningkatkan kualitas cabai merah dan pemasarannya dilakukan secara kolektif agar dapat meningkatkan market power petani dalam penentuan harga jual. In Central Bangka Regency, curly red chilies have a price disparity of IDR10,871,00 per kilogram between farmers and consumers. This issue stems from a lengthy market chain and merchants’ market power. This study analyzed price transmission at each stage of the market chain. Using weekly timeseries data from March 2020 to November 2022, the research examined price dynamics at both farmer and consumer levels. The Asymmetric Error Correction Model (AECM) was applied to assess market efficiency. The findings indicated that price changes are transmitted symmetrically, suggesting an efficient market structure in Central Bangka Regency. The findings indicated that price changes are transmitted symmetrically to consumers in both the short and long run, suggesting that the curly red chili market in Central Bangka Regency operated efficiently in terms of price transmission. However, farmers need to improve the quality of red chili peppers, and marketing should be done collectively to enhance farmers’ market power in determining selling prices.
Karakteristik Fisik dan Kimia Beras Lokal Sawah di Provinsi Riau (Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Local Rice Fields in Riau Province)
Meskipun Kementerian Pertanian telah banyak menghasilkan Varietas Unggul Baru (VUB) padi, petani di Provinsi Riau masih mengembangkan varietas lokal. Varietas padi lokal memiliki keunggulan seperti ketahanan terhadap cekaman biotik dan abiotik pada agroekosistem spesifik, kebutuhan input produksi yang rendah, serta cita rasa nasi yang sesuai dengan preferensi petani. Namun, keberagaman varietas padi lokal di Provinsi Riau masih belum banyak diteliti, terutama karakteristik dan mutu berasnya. Kondisi ini menyulitkan petani untuk menentukan varietas lokal yang layak dikembangkan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik beras padi lokal sawah di Provinsi Riau guna memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat bagi petani dalam memilih varietas lokal berkualitas tinggi untuk budidaya. Beras dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif untuk: karakteristik sifat fisik, meliputi panjang (P), lebar (L), ketebalan (T), rasio P/L, diameter ekuivalen (De), luas permukaan (Lp), spherecity (Ø) dan volume (V); karakteristik kimia meliputi kadar abu, lemak, protein, serat kasar, pati dan amilosa. 14 varietas padi lokal sawah di Provinsi Riau yaitu Buku, Cendani, Serai, Kuning, Kecik, Kretek Putih, Karya, Lembu Sawah, Ramos, Saiya, Benangsari, Pagarsari, Pandan Wangi, dan Seribu Gantang diuji karakteristik fisik dan kimianya. Berdasarkan ukuran beras, ke-14 varietas tersebut memiliki ukuran sedang dan panjang, sedangkan berdasarkan bentuknya yaitu medium dan ramping. Kadar air semua varietas memenuhi standar mutu SNI 6128:2020 yaitu 7,27-11,58 persen, kadar abu 0,37-0,62 persen, kadar lemak 0,20-0,48 persen, kadar protein 6,73-9,57 persen, kandungan serat kasar 0,07-0,27 persen, dan kandungan pati 73,62- 83,74 persen. Varietas yang diuji memiliki kadar amilosa 20,59-33,55 persen yang menunjukkan nasi bertekstur sedang dan tinggi. Although the Ministry of Agriculture has released many New Superior Varieties (VUB) of rice, farmers in Riau Province continue to grow local varieties due to their advantages—such as resistance to local environmental stresses, low input requirements, and preferred taste. However, the diversity and quality of these local rice varieties remain understudied, making it difficult for farmers to identify and select high-quality types for further development. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the characteristics of local lowland rice in Riau Province, helping farmers choose high-quality local rice varieties for cultivation. Rice was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for its physical and chemical properties. Physical characteristics were length (P), width (L), thickness (T), P/L ratio, equivalent diameter (De), surface area (Lp), spherecity (Ø) and volume (V). Chemical analysis included ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, starch and amylose content. A total of 14 local rice varieties in Riau Province, namely Buku, Cendani, Serai, Kuning Kecik, Kretek Putih, Karya, Lembu Sawah, Ramos, Saiya, Benangsari, Pagarsari, Pandan Wangi, and Seribu Gantang were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics. Based on the size, the 14 varieties have medium and long sizes, while based on their shape, they are medium and slender. The moisture content of all varieties met the quality requirements of SNI 6128:2020, which ranged 7.27-11.58 percent. Ash content ranged 0.37-0.62 percent, lipid content ranged 0.2-0.48 percent, protein content ranged 6.73-9.57 percent, crude fiber content ranged 0.07-0,27 percent, and starch content ranged 73.62-83.74 percent. Amylose content ranged 20.59-33.55 percent which indicated medium and high textured rice.
Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Daging Sapi di Kabupaten Jember:Suatu Analisis Konjoin (Consumer Preferences for Beef in Jember Regency: A Conjoin Analysis)
Kebutuhan produk ternak khususnya daging sapi di Kabupaten Jember terus mengalami peningkatan pada beberapa periode terakhir. Dalam memutuskan untuk membeli daging sapi, konsumen mempertimbangkan beberapa atribut yang merupakan ekspresi dari preferensi konsumen. Berdasarkan hal itu, penelitian mengenai preferensi konsumen terhadap daging sapi di Kabupaten Jember menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di pasar tradisional dan pasar modern di Kabupaten Jember. Sampel diambil secara insidental dengan memilih 120 orang responden konsumen daging sapi yang berbelanja di pasar tradisional dan supermarket. Preferensi konsumen daging sapi dianalisis menggunakan analisis konjoin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumen daging sapi di Kabupaten Jember menyukai atribut daging sapi yang bertekstur empuk, berwarna merah cerah, tidak berlemak, ukuran potongan daging sapi yang besar, aroma segar, ukuran pembelian 1-2 kg, dan harga daging sapi yang relatif murah yaitu berkisar antara Rp100.000,00 – Rp120.000,00. Atribut yang paling dipertimbangkan dalam mengonsumsi daging sapi adalah harga. Untuk mengakomodasi variasi preferensi konsumen, produsen perlu menawarkan varian produk daging sapi yang berbeda dengan harga yang berbeda. Sebagai regulator, pemerintah perlu menjaga stabilitas harga daging sapi di pasar untuk mengendalikan inflasi. The demand for livestock products, especially beef in Jember Regency has continued to increase in recent periods. In deciding to buy beef, consumers consider several attributes that are an expression of consumer preferences. Based on this, research on consumer preferences for beef in Jember Regency is important to conduct. This study was conducted in traditional and modern markets in Jember Regency. Samples were taken incidentally by selecting 120 beef consumer respondents who shopped at traditional markets and supermarkets. Beef consumer preferences were analyzed using conjoint analysis. The results showed that beef consumers in Jember Regency preferred beef attributes that were tender in texture, bright red in color, with no fat, large beef cut size, fresh aroma, purchase size of 1-2 kg, and relatively cheap beef prices ranging from Rp100,000,00 - Rp120,000,00. The most considered attribute in consuming beef was price. To accommodate variations in consumer preferences, producers need to offer different variants of beef products at different prices. As a regulator, the government needs to maintain the stability of beef prices in the market to control inflation.
Vermikompos untuk Mengurangi Cekaman Suhu Tinggi dalamProduksi Bawang Merah di Lahan Pesisir (Vermicompost to Reduce High Temperature Stress in Shallot Productionin Coastal Areas)
Bawang merah (Allium Cepa L.) merupakan komoditas sayuran hortikultura populer yang berperan sebagai sumber nutrisi dan pemberi cita rasa masakan di Indonesia. Konsumsi bawang merah per kapita masyarakat Indonesia meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, namun produksinya mengalami penurunan sejak tahun 2021. Pemanfaatan lahan marginal di kawasan pesisir merupakan alternatif strategis untuk meningkatkan produksi bawang merah. Salah satu kendala dalam produksi bawang merah di kawasan ini adalah cekaman suhu tinggi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penggunaan vermikompos untuk mengurangi cekaman suhu tinggi dalam produksi bawang merah di lahan pesisir. Vermikompos adalah pupuk organik yang dihasilkan dari proses penguraian bahan organik oleh cacing tanah, terutama cacing Lumbricus yang mampu menjaga suhu dan kelembapan tanah secara optimal dengan memperbaiki aerasi tanah serta meningkatkan kemampuan tanah dalam menyimpan air. Vermikompos mengandung unsur hara makro dan mikro seperti nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium (K), magnesium (Mg), besi (Fe), tembaga (Cu), dan mangan (Mn) yang bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman dan hasil panen. Penggunaan vermikompos dapat menjadi solusi efektif untuk mengatasi cekaman suhu tinggi pada produksi bawang merah di wilayah pesisir dengan meningkatkan kualitas fisik tanah, biologi tanah dan sifat kimia tanah. Aplikasi vermikompos pada lahan di wilayah pesisir mampu meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas hasil bawang merah. Shallot (Allium Cepa L.) is a popular horticultural vegetable commodity that serves as a source of nutrients and culinary flavor in Indonesia. Per capita consumption of shallots among Indonesian people has increased from year by year, however, its production has decreased since 2021. Utilization of marginal land in coastal areas is a strategic alternative to increase shallot production. One of the major challenges in shallot production in these area is high temperature stress. This article aims to examine the use of vermicompost to reduce high temperature stress in shallot production on coastal areas. Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer produced through the decomposition of organic matter by earthworms, especially Lumbricus, which can maintain optimal soil temperature and humidity by improving soil aeration and enhancing water retention. Vermicompost contains macro and micronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn), which are beneficial for increasing plant growth and yields. The use of vermicompost can be an effective solution to overcome high temperature stress in shallot production in coastal areas by improving the physical, biology, and chemical properties of the soil. Application of vermicompost on coastal lands has been shown to improve both the productivity and quality of shallot yields.
Limbah Rumah Tangga sebagai Pupuk Organik untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Jagung Manis di Kawasan Pesisir Bengkulu
Kawasan pesisir Kota Bengkulu memiliki potensi besar untuk dioptimalkan sebagai lokasi budidaya tanaman. Penelitian ini mengkaji efektivitas kompos limbah rumah tangga dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung manis. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima dosis kompos, yaitu 0 ton/ha, 2,5 ton/ha, 5 ton/ha, 7,5 ton/ha, dan 10 ton/ha. Parameter yang diukur meliputi analisis kompos, sifat kimia tanah (pH, N-total, P-tersedia, K-dapat dipertukarkan, dan C-organik), serta pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung manis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompos memiliki kualitas yang baik dengan pH netral (7,15), kadar air 29,20 persen, dan kandungan C-organik tinggi (27,25 persen), yang mendukung perbaikan struktur tanah dan retensi air. Kandungan N-total yang tinggi (2,15 persen) mendukung pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman, sedangkan rasio C/N yang ideal (12,67) cukup sesuai, meskipun kandungan kalium sedikit lebih rendah dari standar minimum (0,17 persen). Dosis kompos 5 ton/ha mampu mengurangi penggunaan pupuk buatan hingga 50 persen dengan memberikan hasil terbaik dalam meningkatkan semua parameter pertumbuhan dan hasil, meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, lebar daun, panjang daun, diameter batang, dan panjang tongkol. Peningkatan dosis kompos cenderung meningkatkan hasil jagung manis, tetapi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dibandingkan dengan dosis 5 ton/ha. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pencerahan praktis bagi petani dan peneliti mengenai teknologi tepat guna untuk pertanian berkelanjutan. The coastal area of Bengkulu City has a significant potential for optimization in plant cultivation. This study examines the effectiveness of household waste compost in enhancing the growth and yield of sweet corn. The research employed a completely randomized design with five compost dose treatments: 0 tons/ ha, 2.5 tons/ha, 5 tons/ha, 7.5 tons/ha, and 10 tons/ha. Parameters measured included compost analysis, soil chemical properties (pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and organic carbon), as well as the growth and yield of sweet corn. The results indicated that the compost was of high quality, with a neutral pH of 7.15, a moisture content of 29.20 percent, and a high organic carbon content (27.25 percent), which supports improved soil structure and water retention. The compost also had a high total nitrogen content (2.15 percent), which enhanced vegetative growth, and an ideal C/N ratio (12.67), although the potassium content was slightly below the minimum standard (0.17 percent). A compost dose of 5 tons/ha reduced the need for synthetic fertilizers by 50 percent while achieving optimal results for all growth and yield parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, stem diameter, and cob length. Increasing the compost dose further improved sweet corn yield but did not show significant differences compared to the 5 tons/ha dose. The findings are expected to provide practical insights for farmers and researchers on appropriate technology for sustainable agriculture.
Peningkatan Kinerja dan Perlakuan Risiko Rantai Pasok Beras Cadangan Pangan Pemerintah (Studi Kasus pada Perum BULOG, Kantor Wilayah Jawa Barat)
Cadangan Beras Pemerintah (CBP) adalah stok beras yang dikuasai dan dikelola oleh pemerintah melalui mekanisme pengadaan, pengelolaan, dan distribusi kepada masyarakat. Sifat beras yang mudah rusak, musiman, dan rentan terhadap ketidakpastian, diperlukan suatu sistem manajemen rantai pasokan yang kuat mulai dari tingkat produksi hingga konsumen akhir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis rantai pasok, kinerja dan risiko rantai pasok beras CBP. Berdasarkan metode SCOR dan AHP, nilai kinerja pemasok beras CBP adalah sebesar 65,397 (rata-rata), BULOG sebesar 91,485 (sangat baik) dan penyalur sebesar 71,279 (cukup baik). Metrik kinerja rantai pasok yang memiliki skor di bawah 50 persen perlu dilakukan perbaikan secara komprehensif. Hasil analisis metode failure modes and effect analysis dan diagram pareto menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa modus kegagalan potensial di tingkat pemasok dan BULOG yang memerlukan prioritas perlakuan risiko. Sementara di tingkat penyalur, tidak ditemukan modus kegagalan potensial yang memerlukan prioritas perlakuan risiko karena memiliki tingkat risiko rendah. Namun demikian, perlu terus dilakukan pengawasan agar tingkat risiko dapat dikendalikan. Government Rice Reserves are rice stocks controlled and managed by the government through procurement, management, and distribution mechanisms to the public. Due to its perishable nature, seasonality, and vulnerability to uncertainty, a strong supply chain management system is required from production to the end consumer. This study analyses the CBP rice supply chain, performance, and risks. Based on the SCOR and AHP methods, the performance score of CBP rice suppliers is 65.397 (average), BULOG is 91.485 (excellent), and distributors are 71.279 (good). Supply chain performance metrics scoring below 50 percent need comprehensive improvement. The results showed that several potential failure modes at the supplier and BULOG levels require priority mitigation. Meanwhile, no potential failure modes require priority mitigation at the distributor level due to the low-risk level. However, continuous monitoring is necessary to keep the risk levels under control.
Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Pembelian Gula Pasirdi Kabupaten Jember (Consumer Preferences for Purchasing Granulated SugarIn Jember Regency)
Gula pasir merupakan bahan pokok yang digunakan sebagai pemanis dan pengawet dalam minuman. Bagi produsen atau pemasar, penting untuk mengetahui preferensi dan kesukaan konsumen terhadap produk yang mereka pasarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui preferensi dan tingkat kepuasan konsumen terhadap pembelian gula pasir di Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Jember dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 120 responden. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah Multiatribut Fishbein dan Customer Satisfaction Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa preferensi konsumen terhadap gula pasir di wilayah pedesaan Kabupaten Jember, berdasarkan perhitungan sikap konsumen (A0) terhadap 12 atribut gula pasir, mencerminkan adanya atribut dengan nilai sikap positif hingga negatif. Preferensi konsumen terhadap gula pasir di wilayah pedesaan Kabupaten Jember yaitu harga, kemudahan memperoleh gula pasir, jenis gula pasir curah, kebersihan gula pasir, warna, ukuran pembelian satu kilogram, ukuran kristal, ukuran pembelian kurang dari satu kilogram, merek, iklan dan kemasan lebih dari satu kilogram. Nilai indeks kepuasan konsumen gula pasir di wilayah pedesaan Kabupaten Jember sebesar 72,25 persen. Nilai tersebut berada dalam kriteria puas yang berarti secara umum konsumen gula pasir di wilayah pedesaan merasa puas terhadap produk gula pasir yang dikonsumsi. Granulated sugar is a staple ingredient used as a sweetener and preservative for drinks. As producers or marketers, it is important to understand consumers’ preferences regarding the products. This research aimed to determine consumer preferences and satisfaction with purchasing granulated sugar in Jember Regency. This research was conducted in Jember Regency. The samples used consisted of 120 respondents. The data analysis method were Fishbein Multiattribute and Customer Satisfaction Index. The research results showed that consumer preferences for granulated sugar in the rural areas of Jember Regency, based on consumer attitude calculations (A0) towards 12 sugar attributes, included attributes with both positive and negative attitude values. Consumer preferences for granulated sugar in rural areas of Jember Regency were price, ease of obtaining granulated sugar, bulk granulated sugar, cleanliness of granulated sugar, colour, purchase size of one kg, crystal size, purchase size less than one kg, brand, advertising and packaging more than one kg. The consumer satisfaction index value for granulated sugar in the rural area of Jember Regency was 72.25 percent. The value falls within the satisfied criteria, which means that granulated sugar consumers in rural areas are generally satisfied with the granulated sugar products they consume.