Potensi Rekayasa Genetik Bawang Putih terhadap Kandungan Senyawa Komponen Bioaktif Allicin dan Kajian Sifat Fungsionalnya
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Abstract
Bawang putih berasal dari daerah tropis dan subtropis di Asia Tengah dan menyebar ke bagian lain dunia melalui perdagangan dan kolonisasi. Bawang putih memiliki sifat farmasi yang tinggi dengan adanya lebih dari 33 senyawa komponen bioaktif mengandung belerang yang ampuh menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri, virus, dan jamur. Kandungan utama dalam umbi bawang putih adalah senyawa allicin yang mengandung sulfur (thio-2-propene-1-sulfinic acid S-allyl ester). Allicin diketahui memiliki berbagai fungsi biokimia, seperti antikoagulan, antihipertensi, antimikotik, antitumor, antioksidan, antipenuaan, detoksifikasi logam berat, fibrinolusis, hipolipidemik (penurun lemak) dan penguat sistem imun. Program pemuliaan tanaman yang menargetkan kultivar bawang putih dengan kandungan allicin lebih tinggi terus diupayakan oleh para ilmuwan untuk meningkatkan manfaatnya. Program ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan rekayasa
genetika dan rekayasa jalur biosintesis dari senyawa penyusun allicin. Kajian molekuler tentang biosintesis, transportasi, dan regulasi senyawa allicin pada bawang putih dalam reviu ini tidak hanya memberikan wawasan tentang pengetahuan dasar kita, tetapi juga memfasilitasi rekayasa metabolisme bawang putih di masa depan menggunakan teknologi transgenik dan rekayasa genetika.
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